He does not dare/He dare not
(a)He does not dare answer.
(b) He dare not answer.
句(a)中的 does not dare answer 是否为 does not dare to answer 之误?
dare 如同 need 一样,既可用作情态助动词,亦可用作实义动词。用作情态助动词时,其用法如同 can, may, must 一样,其一般现在时没有词形变化,在构成疑问句和否定句时,也不借助 do。
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If you dare speak to me like that, you will be sorry. (ELD) 如果你敢这样对我讲话,你将会后悔的。
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She dare not say what she thinks. (Wood) 她不敢说出她的想法。
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Dare he tell them what he thinks? 他敢告诉他们他的想法吗?
用作实义动词的 dare 具有单数第三人称、过去时、过去分词和现在分词的形式,在构成疑问句和否定句时需要借助 do,而且在与动词不定式连用时,还需要带小品词 to:
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He dares to behave like that in my house! 他竟敢在我家里有如此的行为!
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He does not dare to fight. 他不敢斗争。
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He has never dared to say it. 他从不敢说出那件事。
如果动词 dare 永远按照上述规则来使用的话,那么我们掌握住它的用法就方便得多了。下面的例句就不符合上面的规则,但被认为是合乎语法的:
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I don't dare speak to him. (ELD) 我不敢和他讲话。
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He dares speak loud. 他敢大声说话。
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Do we dare tell them the truth? 我们敢告诉他们真相吗?
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I quarrel with them. (CGEL)
从上面的例句可以看出,人们把 dare 当作实义动词来使用,但是没有带小品词 to。语言学家们把这种情况称作助动词用法和实义动词用法的混合现象,也就是说用作实义动词的 dare 是可以不带 to 的。所以,你提出的句(a)并非病句,而是正确的句子。
根据语言学家们的调查,讲美国英语的人比讲英国英语的人接受这种混合现象的比率高得多。但是,用作情态助动词的 dare,无论在美国英语还是在英国英语中,都是不容许带小品词 to 的,因此,下列用法都是错误的:
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I daren't to ask her for any more money. (应为: I daren't ask her...)
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"How dare you to come in without knocking!" he shouted.
请做下面的英语试题:
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“The snake hasn’t bitten me yet but I daren’t ____ to upset it.” A. to do a thing B. do anything C. to do something D. do nothing(Nelson, 450A)
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The little girl ____ go downstairs alone when her parents are out. A. dares not to B. dares not C. dare not to D. dare not(上海市英语会考,92)