without ¹

从句法上说,上面的 without 结构是伴随情况状语;从词法上说,它属于 without + 名词（或代词）+ 现在分词结构。在 with $^{8,9}$ 中对 with 结构所作的陈述完全适用于 without 结构。请看下面的实例:

1. Possibly this person died without anyone knowing where the coins were hidden. (without + 代词 + 现在分词) 可能这个人去世后谁也不知道这批硬币藏在什么地方了。

2. They debated for hours without a decision being taken. (without + 名词 + 现在分词) 他们争论了几个小时, 没作出任何决定。

3. Without his shoes on, he slipped on the polished floor. (without + 名词 + 副词) 他没穿鞋，在打蜡的地板上滑倒了。

4. Without anyone to talk to, John felt miserable. (without + 代词 + 动词不定式) 由于没有可与之谈话的人，约翰感到很悲哀。

5. Bert explained that without a wife at home to take care of all my personal needs, I would never be able to manage the demands of everyday life... (Hillary, Living History) 阿尔伯特解释说，少了太太在家照料我的生活琐事，我的生活将一团糟……（希拉里，《亲历历史》）(without + 名词 + 动词不定式)