词典词条 · 问答

if... not/unless

核心问题

I arrived at the inn late at night and asked the landlord for a room.There’s nothing left,he said, “____ to sleep in Number 7.

A. if you didn't like B. if you don't like

C. unless you are liking D. unless you'd like(Nelson, 350B)

许多英语辞典都是用 if...not(见 LDCE, EGS) 来解释 unless 的。但是从上面的考题来看, unlessif...not 的意义和用法显然是不同的(答案为 D)。请说明它们之间的异同。

词典解答

unless 作“如果不”解时, unlessif... not 常常是可以互换的:

  1. (A)\int (\mathrm{A}) If you don't change your mind, I won't be able to help you. (LEG)

(B) Unless you change your mind. . . \left\lfloor (B) \text{ Unless you change your mind. . . } \right.

如果你不改变你的想法,我就不能帮助你。

  1. [A] He'll accept the job if the salary's not too low.

  2. (B) He'll accept the job unless the salary's too low. (PEU)

如果工薪不太低的话,他是会接受这个工作的。

3 (A)\int (\mathrm{A}) If there's not a strike, the trains will be running normally.

  1. { (B) Unless there's a strike... (Leech)

如果没有罢工,火车是会正常运行的。

  1. (A)\int (\mathrm{A}) There will be a picnic if it doesn't rain. (EGS)

{(B) There will be a picnic unless it rains.\left\{ (B) \text{ There will be a picnic unless it rains.} \right.

如果不下雨,明天将举行一次野餐。

不难看出,在上面的句子里,主句所表达的内容的正确性是以 unless 从句所表达的事件为条件的。但是,unless 有时并不是表示条件,而是表示一种“例外的特殊情况”。这时,就不能用 if... not 来代替 unless。例如,We had no snow this winter, unless in the mountain districts.(今年冬天没有下雪,但山区除外。)上面的考题便属于这种情形。有时在一个完整的句子之后,用 unless 引出追补的话,搁在主句之后。让我们引用 LEG 所分析过的例子:

I couldn't have got to the meeting on time—unless I had caught an earlier train. (LEG) 不难看出,说话者实际上并没有准时到会。他假设:他只有在赶上较早一班火车的情况下才有可能准时到会。上面的句子似可译为:那时我是没有可能准时赶到会场的——除非我赶上了较早一班火车。如果用 if... not 来替换 unless,则句子的意思就会发生改变:

I couldn't have got to the meeting on time if I hadn't caught an earlier train.

这是一个表达过去的非真实条件的句子(虚拟条件句)(见 subjunctive)。它的意思是:

说话者实际上准时赶到了会场。全句似可译为:要是我没有赶上早一班火车的话,我就不能准时到达会场了。

请对比下列两个句子:

I couldn't have got to Slough in time unless I'd had a helicopter.

我那时是绝没有可能及时赶到斯劳市的,除非当时我有一架直升飞机。

I couldn't have got to Slough in time if I'd not had a helicopter.

如果那时我没有一架直升飞机的话,那我是不可能及时赶到斯劳市的。

另外,当unless引出分词短语时,也不能用if...not来替换:

  1. Unless otherwise instructed, you should leave by the back exit. (CGEL) 如果没有另外的通知,你必须从后面的出口出去。

  2. Unless paying by credit card, please pay in cash. (LEG) 如不使用信用卡,请付现金。

  3. Unless changed, this law will make life difficult for farmers. (LEG) 这项法律如不修改必将给农民的生活带来困难。

unlessif... not 的另一个区别, 是 unless 一般不能用在虚拟条件句中:

<div class="mineru-algorithm" style="white-space: pre-wrap; font-family:monospace;"> 1. If you hadn't studied hard, $\times$ Unless you had studied hard, } you'd have failed the exam. (CGEL) 倘如你没有努力学习的话,你就不会通过考试了。 </div>

(参见 couldn't have done 2^{2} )

练习题

请做下面的英语试题:

If only the nature of the aging process is better understood, the possibility of discovering a medicine

that can block the fundamental process of aging seems very remote. (全国研考,94-18)

来源:英语常见问题解答大词典-4.md · 第 60826161 行 · 原文哈希 52be51bcd4