用在否定句中的 at all 的含义(加强否定意义)是很容易理解的。但用在疑问句和条件句中的 at all 的含义我却怎么也弄不明白,查了许多参考书,也未搞清楚。例如:《新英汉辞典》上说:at all = 根本[常用于否定句和条件句,以加强语气]。不知在条件句中是加强什么语气。又 Do you know him at all? 中的 at all 该做何解释?
大家知道,在一般疑问句中,常常使用非断定词项(any, anything, anyone, ever, yet 等等)。含有这种非断定词项(nonassertive forms)的疑问句,对回答的期待是没有倾向性的,或者倾向于否定的回答(CGEL, § 2.53, § 6.59, § 6.60, § 11.6)。
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Have you anything for me? 你有什么东西给我吗?
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Did anyone call yesterday? 昨天有什么人来电话吗?
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Is he at all suitable for the post? (UED) 他真的适合这个职位吗?不适合吧?
当疑问句充当直接宾语时,亦是如此。
- I'm wondering why I should go at all( = why to go at all). 我想知道到底为什么我要去。
请与疑问句中的断定词项作对比:
Would you like some ice cream? 您来点冰淇淋吗?
此类含有断定词项的疑问句倾向于得到肯定的回答,表示希望对方接受的意思。at all,如同 any, anything 和 anyone 一样,也是一个非断定词项,它表示说话人倾向于得到一个否定的回答,或者表示对肯定的回答抱有怀疑态度。请考察下面例句中 at all 的含义:
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Do you know him at all? 你真的认识他吗?(你究竟认不认识他?)
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Do you feel ill at all? 你真的病了?(你病了,不是吧?)
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Do you think he'll do it at all? 你认为他真会做那件事吗?(言外之意:他不见得能做吧。)
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Do you play poker at all? (PEU) 你会打扑克吗?不会吧?
某些副词也可以使问句具有否定回答的倾向:
- Do you really want to leave now? (“Surely, you don’t want to.”) (CGEL) 你真的现在要走吗?(你肯定不想走。)
条件分句与疑问句有一个相似之处,那就是对回答的期待是没有倾向性的,或者倾向于否定的回答。因此,条件分句中常常含有非断定词项:
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I've told her to come to you if she wants anything. (EED) 我告诉过她如果需要什么的话, 就来找你。
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If anyone says that, pretend not to hear. (CGEL) 如果有什么人这样说, 就装作没听见。
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If anyone thinks this question is not settled, let him speak up. 如果有人认为这个问题还没有解决,让他爽快地说出来。
用在条件句中的 at all 就是一种非断定词项,并且常常倾向于否定的回答,也就是说,说话者对自己提出的条件具有一种否定的倾向:
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I'll come in the morning if I come at all (= Perhaps I won't come). 如果我真要来的话(也许我不能来),我就在早上来。
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If it is at all foggy, I shall not go out. (Wood) 如果真的有雾的话,我就不外出了。(说话人的意思:未必真会有雾。)
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In the event that he is at all interested, I'll speak to him. (CGEL) 要是他真感兴趣的话,我会同他谈话的。
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Very little, if any at all. 即使有,也是很少的。(意谓:未必真有。)
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If you do it at all, do it well. 如果你果真做这件事的话,那你就把它做好。
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If you need anything at all, simply press the call button on the table in the centre of the room. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 如果你们有什么需要, 就请按一下桌子中央的那个呼叫键。(《达·芬奇密码》)
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He will do it if it is at all possible. 要是真有可能的话,他会做的。
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He'll come before dinner if he comes at all. (PEU) 他要是来的话(也许他不会来),他将午饭前来。
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If you're going to use this formula at all, it must be completed. (Crews) 如果你准备用这个公式, 则这个公式必须写完整。
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That tyrant has few friends, if any at all. 那个暴君就算有朋友的话,也是很少的。
成语 if at all 专门用来表示说话人对自己提出的条件具有否定的倾向。
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I don't think he works much — if at all. (Palmer) 就算他干活的话,我认为他干得也不多。
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Before liberation, our life was little better, if at all, than a beggar's. 解放前, 我们过的即使不是乞丐的生活, 也比乞丐的生活好不了多少。
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Bats are extremely shy creatures and avoid humans if at all possible. A. timid B. clean C. private D. noisy
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The direct conflict of opinions ... could only be settled, if at all, between the President and myself. (Winston Churchill) 意见的正面冲突……即使能解决,也只能在总统和我本人之间加以解决。