许孟雄教授在《英语难题解答400则》一书中(p.54)对下列各句中的by短语提出了如下的译法:
“1. By the 1920s. 在接近二十年代时……”
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By 1950. 到 1950 年前夕……
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By the middle 1960s. “约在六十年代中期前”
他强调指出,by the middle 1960s 绝不可译为“到了六十年代中期”。
不知您是否同意上述译法。
EED 对 by 的释义是: If something happens by a particular time, it happens at or before thattime. CGEL 说: by specifies an end point (by 表示时间终点)。M. Swan 对 by twelve o'clock 的解释是: 9 点, 10 点, 11 点或 12 点。
You'll have to leave by Monday midday at the latest. (= at twelve on Monday or before) (BEU) 你最迟必须在星期一中午之前离开。
许孟雄教授的译法,有的(如“约在60年代中期前”)过分强调了before的含义,而否定了at和an end point的含义;有的(如“在接近二十年代时”)既否定了before的含义,也否定了at和an end point的含义。
从交际观点来看,有时候人们需要表达“在……之前将发生或发生了某事”这样的思想内容,而有时候人们需要表达“到某个时间终点时或之前将发生或发生了某事”这样的思想内容。在后一情况下,应当使用英语介词 by,而不能使用 before。前面提到的三个句子都是表达后一思想内容的,因此最好分别译为:
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到了二十年代(的时候)……
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到 1950 年……
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到六十年代中期
不难看出,下面的句子中 by 既不能译为“……之前”,也不能译为“在接近……时”:
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By 1940 the number had grown to 185 millions. 到 1940 年数目已经增加到一亿八千五百万。
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I will have retired by the year 2020. (LEG) 到2020年我将退休。(意思是:在2020年或这之前,我退休将成为过去的事。)
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By the time I got to the village proper everyone was out to meet me. (EED) 当我到达村子里的时候,大家都出来迎接我。
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By 1974 the factory coped with repairs for 700 trucks per year. (ECD) 截止 1974 年该厂已能年修卡车 700 辆。
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By the end of this month, we shall have carried out production plan. 到本月底我们将完成生产计划。
从例(3)、(4)、(5)可以明显地看出, By the time 和 By 1974, By the end of this month 绝不是指“在……之前”, 也不是指“在接近……时”, 而是指出 an end point(时间终点)。
应当指出,在某些习惯用语里,by 不再表示 not later than, at or before, 而是表示 during 的意思:by day(白天),by night(夜里),by daylight(白天,光天化日之下)。
请做下面的英语试题:
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“Hasn’t Mary arrived yet?” “No, and I thought she ____ here by this time.” A. would be B. is C. was D. will be
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By the end of this month, we surely ____ a satisfactory solution to the problem. A. have found B. will have found C. will be finding D. are finding
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____ this time next year you ought to have a very good knowledge of English. A. For B. Within C. By D. From