词典词条 · 问答

who/whom ¹

核心问题

1∫A. Whom did you help?

B. Who did you help?

A. For whom is she working?

  1. {B. Who is she working for?

  2. {A. This is the person to whom you spoke. 我一直搞不清楚到底哪一种形式是正确的。

词典解答

传统语法学家们规定了一条规则:绝不可用 who 来代替 whom。下面的试题都是按照这个规则编写的:

(1) 改错题: Who shall I blame when it's time for the group and us to make our report, and we shall have to report that we are unprepared? (TOEFL)

(2) 改错题: Who did you say we should ask to donate several paintings to the new museum? (Barron's)

(3) 选择题: Tito was the only foreigner ____ I saw at the convention. A. whom B. who C. Barron's (TOEFL)

出题者们规定上列各句只能使用 whom,而绝对不能使用 who。我们认为这种过死的规定是不符合现代英语的实际的。早在 60 年前美国语言学家 Edward SapirLanguage, An Introduction to the Study of Speech(1921 年) 中就曾指出:“Whom did you say? 用在碑文里或许行,可是急着发问时,Who did you say? 是自然而然的形式。Whom did you say? 是正经的,可是这正经有点虚假。”“可以大胆地预言,过不了二百年,就是最有学问的语法学家也不说‘Whom did you see?’了。那时候 Whom 将成为可爱的古董……”(《言语语》),看来这个预言似乎还有点保守,因为在他提出这个预言后不到半个世纪,就有人宣称:“‘Whom’,事实上就大多数人而言已经不复存在了”(B. Foster, The Changing English Language, 1968)还有人说:“有些人一生里也没有让 whom 通过他们的嘴唇。”“甚至广播电台的广播员也避免使用这个词。”(Understanding Grammar, 1954, p. 73)可见,用 who 代替 whom 的现象已在现代英语里固定下来。例如,有一个故事讲一个古代语言学教授气愤地指责一位作者在其著作中用 who 代替 whom。但是这位教授在谈话中却接连使用了“Who does he expect to buy a book like this?”“Who do you mean?”这样一些句子。

可能会有人说:在口语中可以用 who 代替 whom,但在书面语中则是不能接受的。这种说法早已不符合现代英语的潮流了。事实上,这种用法甚至见于英文报刊上的大字标题中:WHO DO YOU WANT TO SAVE? 权威的现代英语语言学家们也早已承认了这种用法的正确性。例如,P. Roberts 就曾说过:“Who are you going with?, is the regular, and hence correct form.”(Understanding Grammar, p. 80) R. Quirk 等人也指出,无论在疑问句中还是在名词性从句和定语从句中都可以使用 who 来代替 whom(紧跟在介词后的 whom 除外)。至于前面的试题(3),在定语从句中,用 whom 并不比用 who 好,因为正像 R. Quirk 等人所指出的,“... whom here would seem pedantic to many people.”(许多人觉得它太学究气了。)(GCE, p. 870)。最佳答案倒应当是 that 或零关系代词。

练习题

请做下面的英语试题:

  1. Who ____? A. do Tom love B. do love Tom C. does Tom love D. Tom loves(Nelson, 100D)

  2. The mother didn't know ____ to blame for the broken glass as it happened while she was out. A. who B. when C. how D. what(全国高考,02-24)

  3. Alec asked the policeman ____ he worked to contact him whenever there was an accident. A. with him B. who C. with whom D. whom(上海高考,02-31)

来源:英语常见问题解答大词典-9.md · 第 76647701 行 · 原文哈希 3b81e2e34f