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book/books

Open your books/book

说明

Open your books/book

核心问题

下面是许孟雄教授编著的《英语难题解答400则》中的答问(p.169):

“▲问[248] 许国璋主编《英语》第一册 page 50 Classroom English 中的‘Open your books at page 3’…请问 bookbooks 的区别……”

▲答《新英汉辞典》第908页有‘Open your book at page 10’;《远东英汉大辞典》page 1454有‘Open your book at page 12.’我认为这两例都对,上课时用一本book,每个学生各有一个copy,教员说的话相当于‘You(all) will please open your book (the same book for all of you as each of you has one copy of it) at page 10.’。”

该书作者在答问[247]中又进一步说:“按具体数量算,复数似乎是‘对’的,但是按书的内容算,只有一种。假如用books,难道班上学生每个人同时翻着几本书吗?全班要打开的只有一个内容的,一个名字的一本书。”

显然,该书作者是“坚决地”把 Open your books. 排除在正确用法之外了。但是,我在英语原著中却经常遇到 Open your books. 这种用法,这到底是怎么回事呢?

词典解答

按照逻辑分析,在上面的句子里使用 books 是有点儿讲不通的。因为使用复数形式 books 可能指“一个学生(翻)几本书”。正像 G. H. Vallins 所说的那样,The three men were nodding their heads. 意为三个人之中每个人都有一个以上的头。R. Quirk 等人也曾指出:John and Mary have both won prizes. 是有歧义的:它既可以理解为:John has won prizes and Mary has won prizes. 也可以理解为 JohnMary 各得了一份奖金。然而,使用单数形式 book,是不是在逻辑上就没有毛病了呢?同样是有毛病的,因为使用单数形式 book 可能意味着(大家翻)大家共有一本书。正像 G. H. Vallins 所分析的那样,The three men were nodding their head. 意为这三个人共有一个头。R. Quirk 等也指出,John and Mary have won a prize. 是有歧义的:(1) JohnMary 各获得一份奖金;(2) JohnMary 共同获得一份奖金。由此可以明显地看出,无论是使用名词单数,还是使用名词复数,在逻辑上都是有毛病的。而且这个毛病是由英语本身特点带来的,是无法克服的。因此,对于这个问题,用逻辑分析的方法是不能证明孰正孰误的,而必须对活生生的语言事实进行细致的研究。大量的研究结果表明,在上述情况下既有人使用名词单数(book, hand, head),也有人使用名词复数(books, hands, heads),但以使用名词复数的为多,并且被认为是规范用法,这是跟《英语难题解答 400 则》作者的论点恰好相反的。

  1. It was the very next spring that Venus and Adonis was published, and in the following eight years eight reprints were issued. Undergraduates at Cambridge, it was said, slept with copies of it under their pillows. (R. L. III b, Vol. 7, p. 14)

句中的复数名词 copies 将如何理解和翻译呢?

从意义上看,每个学生不可能把同一本书在枕头底下放上好几本的。那么作者为什么不用 a copy 而用复数形式 copies 呢?这是由于英语本身的缺点造成的。They all raised their hands. 可理解为“他们各举起了双手”,也可理解为“他们各举起一只手”。但是,许多英语作者认为,既然主语表示多数人,那么后边的名词也应当用复数,虽然就主语的个体来说应当用单数。如果我们的理解没有错误的话,我们应当把上句中的复数名词译成汉语明确的单数。

[试译]就在下一年春季,《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》出版了。后来在八年内又重印了八版。据说剑桥大学的学生在入睡时枕头底下都放有一本《维纳斯与阿多尼斯》。

  1. Open your books at page ten. (Palmer) 把书翻到第十页。

  2. Take out your books and open them at page 23. (A Handbook of Classroom English) 拿出书, 翻到二十三页。

  3. The students raised their hands. (CGEL) 学生们举起了手。

让我们再来看看现代语言学家们对这个问题所阐述的观点。R.Quirk等在CGEL中说:

"The distributive plural is used in a plural noun phrase to refer to a set of entities matched individually with individual entities in another set:

Have you all brought your cameras? [‘Each has a camera.’]

Hand in your papers next Monday. [‘Each has to hand in one paper.’]

While... the distributive plural is the norm..." (CGEL, p. 768)

“分配性复数用于复数名词短语之中,以表示一组实体与另一组中单独的实体逐个相配:

分配性复数是规范用法。”

他们还说过:

“... usually the plural has the same meaning and is preferred to the singular, as in[5a]”(复数通常与单数具有相同的含义,人们宁愿使用复数而不使用单数,如例[5a])

All the children have their own bicycle. [5]

All the children have their own bicycles. (one bicycle for each) [5a]

A Handbook of Classroom English 的作者们也明确指出:

Usage tends to favour the plural form with words like hand, book etc, but the singular is also acceptable.

(“对于像 hand, book 这样一些词,惯用法喜欢使用复数,但是单数也是可以接受的。”)

但是,这里应当指出,分配性复数并不是唯一正确的用法,有时为了强调各个个体,也可以采用分配性单数。这就是说,使用名词复数或名词单数常常是个选择的问题,而不是个正误问题。

  1. Their {nosesneednoseneeds}\left\{\begin{array}{l}noses need\\ nose needs\end{array}\right\} to be wiped. (CGEL) 他们的鼻子需要擦一擦。

  2. Some children have {understandingfathers.anunderstandingfather.\left\{\begin{array}{l} understanding fathers. \\ an understanding father. \end{array}\right. 一些孩子有善解人意的父亲。

还应指出,在某些情况下,分配性单数确实能避免意义含糊不清:

Children must be accompanied by a parent. 孩子必须由父亲或母亲陪伴。

试比较:

Children must be accompanied by parents.

(a) 孩子必须由父母陪伴。

(b) 孩子必须由父亲或母亲陪伴。

再如:

Middle-class move to a new house in the suburbs every few years.

中产阶级每隔几年就搬入郊区的新居。

来源:英语常见问题解答大词典-2.md · 第 48774962 行 · 原文哈希 93ce501718