现在分词与过去分词(v-ing/v-ed)
（1）The secretary worked late into the night, ____ a long speech for the president. A. to prepare B. preparing C. prepared D. was preparing(全国高考,91-33)
(2) The Olympic Games, ____ in 776 B. C., did not include women players until 1912.
A. first playing B. to be first played C. first played D. to be first playing (同上,97-17)
对于在什么情况下用现在分词，在什么情况下用过去分词，我总是没有把握。
分词是高考英语试题的重点,应熟练掌握。如果能记住现在分词和过去分词的语法特点,这类题并不是很难做的。
现在分词的一般式(v-ing)具有“主动”和“正在进行”的含义。所谓主动，是指它所表达的动作是由句子的主语发出的(在作谓语的一部分和作状语时)或是由中心词发出的(在作定语时)。所谓正在进行，是指它所表达的动作是与句子谓语所表达的动作同时发生或几乎同时发生的。有时则是指它所表达的动作在说此话时仍在进行中：
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She was crying when I saw her. 我看见她的时候, 她正在哭。(句子主语是 crying 的施动者, crying 与 saw 具有同时性)
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Seeing those pictures, he couldn't help thinking of those days in Yanan. 看到这些照片，他不禁想起在延安的日子。(he 是 Seeing 的施动者, Seeing 所表达的动作与 couldn't help thinking 具有同时性)
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Do you know the boy lying under the big tree? (全国高考) 你认识在大树下躺着的那个男孩子吗? (the boy 是 lying 的施动者, lying 所表达的动作与 know 具有同时性)
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Believing the earth to be flat, many feared that Columbus would fall off the edge of the earth. 许多人认为地球是平面的，所以担心哥伦布会从地球的边缘掉下去。(Believing 对于主语 many 是主动的，对于谓语 feared 具有同时性)
由此看来,试题(1)只能选preparing,因为它所表达的动作是由主语the secretary发出的(主动性),并且与谓语worked具有同时性。
过去分词具有“被动”和“完成”的含义。所谓被动，是指主语是动作的承受者（用作谓语的一部分和状语时）或者其中心词是动作的承受者，亦即它和主语或中心词之间存在着被动关系。所谓完成，是指它所表达的动作在谓语所表达的动作之前或某个时间参照点之前业已完成或者动作完成后的状态（无时间性）：
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The cup was broken. 杯子打碎了。(The cup 是受动者, broken 表示已经打碎)
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Most of the artists invited to the party were from South Africa. (全国高考,90-29) 被邀请参加宴会的艺术家大部分来自南非。(主语 Most of the artists 是 invite 的受动者, invited 表示动作已完成)
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The computer center, opened last year, is very popular among the students in this school. (全国高考, 93-31) 去年该校开办的计算机中心很受学生的欢迎。(中心词 the computer center 与定语 opened 是被动关系, opened 表明动作已完成)
由此看来,试题(2)只能选C(first played),因为先行词The Olympic Games与played是被动关系,而且played表示在纪元前776年动作已完成。
请做下面的英语试题：
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The research is so designed that once ____ nothing can be done to change it. A. begins B. having begun C. beginning D. begun(全国高考,02-34)
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Don't use words, expressions, or phrases ____ only to people with specific knowledge. A. being known B. having been known C. to be known D. known(上海高考,02-34)
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Friendship is like money: easier made than _. A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept(上海高考,03春-35)
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Unless ____ to speak, you should remain silent at the conference. A. invited B. inviting C. being invited D. having invited(上海高考,03 春 - 37)
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No matter how frequently ____, the works of Beethoven always attract large audiences. A. performing B. performed C. to be performed D. being performed(全国四级,95.6-43)
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____ in a recent science competition, the three students were awarded scholarships totaling $21,000. A. To be judged the best B. Having judged the best C. Judged the best D. Judging the best(全国四级,00.12-46)
. ____ in this way, the situation doesn't seem so disappointing. A. To look at B. Looking at C. Looked at D. To be looked at(全国四级,00.1-68)
- He cannot tell the difference between true praise and flattering statements making only to
gain his favor. (全国研考,93-61)
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Generally speaking, the bird flying across our path is observed, and the one staying on the tree near at hand is passed by without any notice taking of it. (全国研考, 96-19)
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In this way these insects show an efficient use of their sound-produced ability, organizing A B
two sounds delivered at a high rate as one call. (全国研考,97-16)
- It's easy to blame the decline of conversation on the pace of modern life and on the vague changes ____ place in our ever-changing world.
A. taking B. to take C. take D. taken(全国研考,99-3)
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The Town Hall ____ in the 1800's was the most distinguished building at that time. A. to be completed B. having been completed C. completed D. being completed(全国高考上海卷,07-36)
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____ at in his way, the situation doesn't seem so desperate.
A. Looking B. Looked C. Being looked D. To look(全国英语专业四级,07-64)