parallelism structural(结构平行或结构对称)

英语对于造句有一个要求:结构平行或曰结构对称——当两个或两个以上的同等成分（主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等）并列时，要求它们的词性或结构相同，即名词对名词、形容词对形容词、副词对副词、动词不定式对动词不定式，介词短语对介词短语等等，不一而足。拿上面的句子来说，how he wrote 在结构上，应是 because of 的宾语，与 his place of birth 和 education 处于同等的语法地位，因此，应当使用词性相同的词项：名词短语。故应将 how he wrote 改为 the way he wrote 或 his writing style。请看下面实例中的结构平行(结构对称):

1. You may either[stand up] or [sit down]. (CGEL) 你可以站起来,也可以坐下。

2. Sam neither[has long hair], nor[wears jeans]. (CGEL) 萨姆既没有留长发,也没有穿牛仔服。

3. He didn't come [to help], but [to hinder us]. (CGEL) 他不是来帮助我们的, 而是来阻碍我们的。

4. They not only [broke into his office], but (also) [tore up his manuscripts]. (CGEL) 他们不仅闯进了他的办公室，而且还撕碎了他的手稿。

5. There is always a gap between [what we say] and [what we do]. (TOEFL) 在我们所说的和我们所做的之间总有些差距。

6. With this faith we will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together, knowing that we will be free one day. (Martin Luther King 演讲“I Have a Dream”) 怀着这个信念，我们将能够一同工作，一同祈祷，一同奋斗，一同入狱，一同为争取自由而奋斗，因为我们知道我们终将得到自由。

7. My fellow citizens of the world, ask not what America will do for you, but what together we can do for the freedom of man. (John. F. Kennedy) 世界公民们，请你们勿问何所得于美国，但问共同为人类的自由有何贡献。(约翰·F·肯尼迪)

考生应注意,结构平行是各类英语试题经常考核的项目,应熟练掌握。请做下面的试题来检查自己对结构平行这一语言点的理解程度:

1. The replacement and ____ represent a sizeable portion of Yale University's $19 million library budget. A. old books need upkeep B. to keep up old books C. old books keep up D. upkeep of old books (TOEFL)

2. Jimmy Davis was an amateur country music singer, a governor of Louisiana and wrote songs. A B C D

3. Population growth ____ the economic growth of a country as well as be affected by it. A. can affect B. is affecting C. affects D. affecting(TOEFL)

4. The barnacle has been described as a shrimp like animal that stands on its head to a limestone house and kicking food into its mouth with its feet. (TOEFL)

5. The Hawaiian coastline is bordered by many coral reefs, some living, but ____ dead. A. most of them B. most of their C. others are D. the rest are being

6. Along the rocky New England coast are small areas of sand and gravel beach, some created from glacial debris, ____ by the action of ocean storms. A. upbuilding others B. others build up C. others built up D. built up others (TOEFL)

A. upbuilding others B. others build up C. others built up D. built up others (TOEFL)
7. In her writing, Elinor Wylie often dealt with her own personality as it was, rather than ____.

A. as others defined it B. others' definitions C. its definition by others D. it was defined by others(TOEFL)

8. Chemistry is the science of substances ____ the science of energy. A. is physics B. or physics C. how physics D. and physics is (TOEFL)

9. X-ray photographs are widely used in industry to test and in inspecting materials and parts. (A) B C D (TOEFL)

10. A professional wine taster must rely on taste, sight, and smelling to determine the quality of a wine. (TOEFL)

11. Industrial designers try to make products attraction, efficient, and safe. (TOEFL)

12. He said it was best to stay until help arrived rather than go into the forest and getting lost. (全国高考,91-91)(改错)

13. It was very kind of them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. (同上,96-88,89) (改错)

14. Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. (同上,98-89,90) (改错)

15. I'll spend the whole weekend reading and prepare for it. (改错)

16. The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, ____ it more difficult. A. not make B. not to make C. not making D. do not make(同上,99-21)

17. Painting in oil is harder than _. A. water colours B. in water colours C. paint in water colours D. painting in water colours

18. To know what is good and ____ are two different things. A. doing what is right B. does what is right C. to do what is right D. did what was right

19. Joe has not yet decided whether to travel by car or if he should take the train. A B C D

20. Fishing is his favorite hobby, and ____.
    A. he'd like to collect coins as well
    B. he feels like collecting coins, too
    C. to collect coins is also his hobby
    D. collecting coins also gives him great pleasure(上海高考,01-39)

21. Friendship is like money: easier made than _. A. kept B. to be kept C. keeping D. being kept(上海高考,03春-35)