初中英语课本上有这样一个句子:
The cat saw the parrot and wanted to know if it was a bird or not. (初中英语第五册, p.28) 但是我查了许多英语著作, 都说 if...or not 的用法是错误的。不知究竟是怎么回事?
我国英语著作一再强调这样的说法:在动词宾语从句中if与or not不能同时并用。例如,《英语惯用法辞典》(葛传桀编,时代出版社,1962年,p.308)明确提出,不能说“I asked him if he knew or not”,而必须删去or not。或者把“if”改为“whether”。《现代英语惯用法词典》(费致德编,商务印书馆,1982年,p.460)指出在宾语从句中,“whether有时加or not,if不加”。许孟雄教授在1989年《英语世界》的《答问栏》中,雷馨先生在其《英语分类句型》(商务印书馆,1979年,p.115)一书中均对这种提法作了进一步的肯定与阐述。
但是,事实上,上述观点是不符合现今英语的实际使用情况的,也是与英美语言学家的论述相违背的。
美国语言学家 J. H. Eugene 明确指出:“Or not is sometimes used at the end of clauses introduced by whether and if.” (Grammar for Use, Institute of Modern Languages, 1974, p. 138)
下面先从美国的语法著作中摘引几个例句:
-
I don't care if you come or not. (Understanding Grammar, New York, 1954, p. 237)
-
She asked me if I was going to the store (or not). (Grammar for Use, p. 138)
英国语言家们也认为在动词宾语从句中 if... or not 是规范的用法。英国著名语言家 R. Quirk 等人就曾举过这样的例子:
-
I don't care if your car breaks down or not. (A Grammar of Contemporary English, London, 1973, p. 737)
-
He didn't say if he'll be staying here or not. (同上, 1973, p. 1054)
在其他英语语法著作、辞书和文学作品中也常常可以看到这种用法。
-
He asked if I wanted to insure my luggage or not. (A Practical English Grammar, Oxford University Press, 1980, p. 267)
-
I don't know if I can come or not. (Chambers Universal Learner's Dictionary, p. 353)
-
Let me know whether(if) you can come or not. (M. Swan, Practical English Usage, p. 624)
-
She did not know if he was right or not. (D. H. Lawrence) 她不知道他是不是对的。
有些语言学家明确指出,在许多宾语从句中,if...or not 和 whether...or not 是可以互换的。
-
I wonder if (whether) you've met him (or not). (A Reference Grammar for Students of English, London, 1979, p. 49)
-
I don't know if (whether) I'm going to answer it (or not). (English Grammatical Structure, Longman, 1977, p. 127)
-
I can't tell you if (whether) he's coming or not. (同上, p. 165)
-
He had not known, and did not expect to know, if she greatly grieved or not. (Macaulay, R. The World My Wilderness, 1950)
在美国密执安州英语水平测试中也承认 if... or not 是标准的正确用法:
“Will Alice arrive soon?” “I don’t know ____ or not.”
A. if she comes B. she is coming C. is she coming D. if she is coming(Michigan)
if 与 or not 不能并用的说法在我国是如此之流行,以致有的人不管遇到什么情况都用“if 与 or not 不能并用”的理论来解释。《中小学外语》1981 年第 12 期《高考英语试题管见》一文,在这方面是颇有代表性的。该文说:“影射的答案潜伏得似乎多了一些,束缚了学生的思维。如(1981 年高考英语试题)Ⅲ大题第 13 小题: He doesn't know ____ to stay or not. 下面有(A)whether (B) if (C) either (D) if he will 四个答案供选择,学生看到 or not,立即可以决定用 whether,因为 if 通常不能与 or not 连用。实际上这就告诉了学生该选(A),因为 or not 已经作了提示。”文章作者说这道考题应当选(A),这无疑是正确的。但是他说选(A)的理由,是因为句尾有 or not,那就大错而特错了。事实上,上道考题只能选 whether 而不能选 if 的原因并不在于句尾有 or not,而是在于 whether 后接的部分是个动词不定式,也就是说,当需要引出一个动词不定式或动词不定式短语来充当动词的宾语时,只能使用 whether,而不能使用 if。关于这一点,国外的英语著作早就有过论述。C. E. Eckersley 指出:“Whether and not if is used before an infinitive:
She hasn't decided whether to sail or fly to America." (Essential English for Foreign Students, Teachers Book, Vol. IV, p. 10) L. G. Alexander 等人在列举了“I don't know whether to answer it (or not).”这个例句后指出:“Exclude if before the infinitive.” (English Grammartial Structure, Longman, 1977, p. 127)
因此,下列句子里的 whether 绝不能用 if 来代替,尽管句子里没有 or not.
-
He will advise whether to do it.
-
I don't know whether to answer it.
-
Will you advise me whether to accept the offer?
还应当指出的是, if...or not 不仅可以用在位于动词后的宾语从句中, 而且还可以用于后置的主语从句中:
- It's still uncertain if (whether) he's coming or not. (English Grammartial Structure, p. 166)
但是,当主语从句位于句首时,则只能使用 whether...or not 而不能使用 if...or not:
- Whether it rains or not doesn't concern me.
为了避免发生误解,我们还想指出下列两点。
一. or not 可以直接跟在 whether 的后面 (whether or not), 但不能直接跟在 if 的后面 ( if
or not):
-
I don't care whether or not your car breaks down. (GCE, p. 737)
-
Please tell me whether or not you agree. (RGSE, p. 49)
-
A good dictionary will indicate whether or not a verb is transitive and therefore can normally take an object. (同上, p. 197)
-
Bill and I had agreed to participate in regular marital counseling to determine whether or not we were going to salvage our marriage. (Hillary, Living History) 比尔与我决意定期参与婚姻问题咨询会,以确定是否挽救我们的婚姻。
二.当宾语从句位于主句之前时,也只能使用 whether...(or not),而不能使用 if...(or not);
-
Whether you have met George Lamb or not, I can't remember. (同上, p. 49)
-
Whether he's coming or not, I can't tell you. (English Grammartial Structure, p. 165)
-
Whether a hidden meaning existed here or not, Langdon could not immediately say. (Dan Brown, The Da Vinci Code) 兰登无法立即判断出这里面是否还有其他什么意义。(《达·芬奇密码》)