insomuch as 见 inasmuch as
the instant 见 moment
instead of
instead of doing/instead of to do
《朗文常用英语正误词典》(上海译文出版社,p.161)认为下列句子是错误的：
√ I advised her to go out more instead of staying at home all the time. 并解释说: instead of 后接 something 或 doing something。但是我在语法书中却读到这样一个范例：
It must be so frightful to have to put things on in order to look better, instead of to strip things off (CGEL).
这是怎么回事呢？
A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 的作者们认为 instead of 是个“边缘介词”，它不仅可以后接 something（代词则用宾格）或 doing something，还可以接动词不定式来作它的宾语。而且, instead of + to-v 已被证明为标准的书面英语(§9.3)。他们还论证说, 上面的句子之所以采用动词不定式 to strip, 而不采用动名词 stripping, 是为了保证与前面的 to put 保持平行关系。类例:
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You ought to weep instead of to laugh. (Jespersen) 你该哭而不该笑。
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He went there to gain money instead of to spend money. (Shaw) 他到那儿去是为了赚钱而不是花钱的。
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They will use their power to rationalise capitalism instead of to destroy it. (Shaw) 他们将运用他们的权力来使资本主义合理化,而不是去毁灭它。
[建议]对于英语考生来说,记住 instead of 后接 something 或 doing something,就足够了。对于英语教师来说,则必须懂得 instead of 是后接 doing something,还是后接 to do something,是有选择余地的,不要轻率地将 instead of 后接 to do something 的句子一律判为错句。此外,还应掌握,instead of 还可以后接介词短语、形容词甚至 as 从句:
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The play acts better, instead of worse, than it reads. (Yeats) 这个剧本演出的效果比阅读效果好,而不是坏。
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He pictures people as he sees them instead of as they are. (CGEL) 他描述的人物, 是他所看见的那样, 而不是他们真实的样子。
[附注]当 instead of 之前的不定式不带 to 时,则其后的动词不定式可省略 to:
She had the children read in the classroom instead of go out. 她让孩子们在教室里读书，而不让他们出去。
请做下面的英语试题：
The ship's generator broke down, and the pumps had to be operated ____ instead of mechanically.
A. artificially B. automatically C. manually D. synthetically(全国四级,02.1-70) instead of
《新英汉词典》p.657 有一个句子：
That increased instead of decreased our courage.
我认为这个句子有错误,应将 decreased 改为 decreasing。不知您以为然否?
对于一般的英语学习者,应该告诉他们 instead of 是个介词,其后应接名词(包括动名词)或代词。因此,上面句中的 decreased 应改为 decreasing。这样说,是符合英语的大体趋向的。正像 CGEL 的作者们所指出的,人们有时宁肯破坏平行结构,也坚持把它用作严格的介词:
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Instead of giving him the money, he gave it to me. (ELD) 他没有把钱给他，而是给了我。
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He intends to go as he is, instead of changing into his best clothes. (CGEL) 他出去时，总是穿平时穿的衣服，而不是换上最好的衣服。
但是,英语教师则应当懂得更多一些:现代语言学家把 instead of 叫做“边缘介词”,因为它有好几条不符合介词标准的地方,比如说,它后面可以接动词不定式、as 从句、介词短语、形容词等(见上条)。
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A word of encouragement might have made me respect instead of hate him. (Difoe) 如果他当时说一句鼓励的话也许会使我尊敬他，而不至于憎恨他了。
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She asked me whether I wanted to cook instead of write. (Lewison) 她问我是否想做饭而不写东西。
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As a result, silver began to flow out, instead of into, the country. 其结果是银子开始流出国外，而不是流进国内。
不难发现, instead of 的上述用法能够保证两个词项的平行关系。为了解释上述语言现象, 语言学家们把这种用法的 instead of 叫做准并列连词。这样看来, 《新英汉词典》中的例句 (That increased instead of decreased our courage.) 并没有什么错误, 因而没有必要把 decreased 改为 decreasing。
instead of