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用作主语的动词不定式与动名词 $^{1}$

说明

用作主语的动词不定式与动名词 1^{1}

核心问题

____ a language requires time and effort. A. Learn B. Learning C. To learn D. Being learned

我选了 C, 但是, 《高中英语语法练习手册》(外研社, p.92) 给的答案却是 B。难道动词不定式不能作主语吗?

词典解答

上面的试题不恰当:除选项 B 之外,选项 C 也是正确的。因为动名词和动词不定式都可以作句子或从句的主语。它们的具体用法如下:

A. 当动词所表示的动作不是指某个特定的行为,而是指一般的行为(具有泛指意义)时,既可以使用动名词作主语,也可以使用动词不定式作主语(而上面试题编写者却认为,只有动名词才能用于此种含义):

  1. Seeing is believing. 眼见为实(百闻不如一见)。

  2. Rowing keeps you fit. 划船使人健康。

  3. Refusing invitations is not always easy. 拒绝邀请并不总是容易的。

  4. To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。

  5. To change energy from one form into another is not difficult. 把能量从一种形式转化为另一种形式并非困难的事。

  6. To teach is to learn twice. 教学是再学习/教一遍等于学两遍。

上面的实例足以证明,动词不定式作主语,可以表示一般的活动。因此,上面试题中的选项 C 是完全正确的。

B. 当动词所表示的动作是指某一特定的活动时,通常用动词不定式作主语:

  1. To act like that is childish. 这样做是很幼稚的。

  2. To be there is a great pleasure. 到那儿去是一大乐趣。

C. 用动词不定式作主语时,更常采用的形式是:用 it 作形式主语,而将作真实主语的动词不定式置于句末。例如:

  1. To read French is easier than to speak it. \rightarrow It is easier to read French than to speak it. 读法语比说法语容易。

  2. It seemed a pity to refuse. 拒绝似乎是很可惜的。

  3. It is not always easy to refuse invitations. 拒绝邀请并不总是容易的事儿。

  4. She said it was absurd to be afraid. 她说害怕是愚蠢的。

  5. It was difficult to sell my car. 我的汽车很难卖掉。

D. 用动名词作主语时, 虽然也可用 it 作形式主语, 而将作真实主语的动名词置于句末, 但这仅限于有限的句型: 在 It is 之后接有 no use, no good, fun, a wonder, useless, nice, worthwhile, worth one's while, good, interesting, funny, hopeless 等词或短语:

  1. It's no use crying over spilt milk. 为洒了牛奶而哭泣是没有用的(覆水难收)。

  2. It's no good waiting this morning. Come back Monday. 今天早晨等待是没有用的。周一来吧。

  3. It's not worth your while reading this book, because it isn't accurate. 这本书不值得你去读,因为它不准确。

练习题

请做下面的英语试题:

  1. I don't think it's much good ____ to him. A. writing B. write C. to be written D. being written

  2. Learn how to write English well takes a long time. (上海会考,96-30)

来源:英语常见问题解答大词典-4.md · 第 95069567 行 · 原文哈希 52be51bcd4