用作主语的动词不定式与动名词
____ a language requires time and effort. A. Learn B. Learning C. To learn D. Being learned
我选了 C, 但是, 《高中英语语法练习手册》(外研社, p.92) 给的答案却是 B。难道动词不定式不能作主语吗?
上面的试题不恰当:除选项 B 之外,选项 C 也是正确的。因为动名词和动词不定式都可以作句子或从句的主语。它们的具体用法如下:
A. 当动词所表示的动作不是指某个特定的行为,而是指一般的行为(具有泛指意义)时,既可以使用动名词作主语,也可以使用动词不定式作主语(而上面试题编写者却认为,只有动名词才能用于此种含义):
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Seeing is believing. 眼见为实(百闻不如一见)。
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Rowing keeps you fit. 划船使人健康。
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Refusing invitations is not always easy. 拒绝邀请并不总是容易的。
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To see is to believe. 百闻不如一见。
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To change energy from one form into another is not difficult. 把能量从一种形式转化为另一种形式并非困难的事。
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To teach is to learn twice. 教学是再学习/教一遍等于学两遍。
上面的实例足以证明,动词不定式作主语,可以表示一般的活动。因此,上面试题中的选项 C 是完全正确的。
B. 当动词所表示的动作是指某一特定的活动时,通常用动词不定式作主语:
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To act like that is childish. 这样做是很幼稚的。
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To be there is a great pleasure. 到那儿去是一大乐趣。
C. 用动词不定式作主语时,更常采用的形式是:用 it 作形式主语,而将作真实主语的动词不定式置于句末。例如:
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To read French is easier than to speak it. It is easier to read French than to speak it. 读法语比说法语容易。
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It seemed a pity to refuse. 拒绝似乎是很可惜的。
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It is not always easy to refuse invitations. 拒绝邀请并不总是容易的事儿。
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She said it was absurd to be afraid. 她说害怕是愚蠢的。
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It was difficult to sell my car. 我的汽车很难卖掉。
D. 用动名词作主语时, 虽然也可用 it 作形式主语, 而将作真实主语的动名词置于句末, 但这仅限于有限的句型: 在 It is 之后接有 no use, no good, fun, a wonder, useless, nice, worthwhile, worth one's while, good, interesting, funny, hopeless 等词或短语:
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It's no use crying over spilt milk. 为洒了牛奶而哭泣是没有用的(覆水难收)。
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It's no good waiting this morning. Come back Monday. 今天早晨等待是没有用的。周一来吧。
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It's not worth your while reading this book, because it isn't accurate. 这本书不值得你去读,因为它不准确。
请做下面的英语试题:
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I don't think it's much good ____ to him. A. writing B. write C. to be written D. being written
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Learn how to write English well takes a long time. (上海会考,96-30)