(1)I have many books to read.
(2) He had nothing to say against Joe.
(3) There are many books to be read.
(4) There's really nothing to be said.
句(1)和句(3)中的先行词 books 在语义上都是动词 read 的受事(动作的承受者), 句
(2)和句(4)中的先行词 nothing 都是动词 say 的受事。为什么在句(1)和句(2)中用动词不定式的主动形式 to read 和 to say, 而在句(3)和句(4)中却用动词不定式的被动形式 to be read 和 to be said?
这是一个很难一下子说清楚的问题。R. Quirk 等在 A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language 中也只是提出:“在某些情况下,只有主动语态的不定式后置修饰分句是自然的,如例[5];有些情况下,则只有被动语态的不定式后置分句才是自然的,如例[6]:
I've got letters to write tonight. [5]
The animals to be found in Kenya...
然而,“某些情况”是指什么情况,“有些情况”又是指什么情况,R.Quirk等并没有交待清楚。
其他语言学家对这个问题的解释,还是很有参考价值的。他们指出,如果句子的主语是动词不定式所表示动作的施事(施动者),则大都采用动词不定式的主动形式来作名词的后
置修饰语:
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You need something to eat. (EGS) 你需要吃些东西。
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He had nothing to say against Joe. (Galsworthy) 他没有反对乔的话要说。
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I want a book to read. (EGS) 我想要一本书来读。
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I asked her if she had any rooms to let. (Wilde) 我问她是否有房子出租。
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There being nothing else to do, we went home. (Palmer) 由于没有别的事可做,我们就回家了。
上面各句中的 to eat, to say, to read, to let 和 to do 都是由句子的主语发出的。因此,这里使用 to eat, to say, to read, to let, to do 都是从句子的主语(You, He, I, she, we)的立场来说的,而不是从中心词(something, nothing, a book, rooms)角度来说的,因而,这里不使用 to be eaten, to be said 和 to be read, to be let, to be done 这种被动形式,便是十分自然的了。
当动词不定式的施动者并非是句子的主语时,则两种结构都是可以使用的,而且在语义上并没有什么区别:
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The best thing is as follows... (CGEL) 应当做的最好的事情如下……
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Give me a list of the people (CGEL) 把需要邀请的人员名单交给我。
这一点在存在句型中表现得尤其明显:
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There were many things to be done. (Dreiser) 有许多事情要干。
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There is only one thing (MEG) 只须干一件事。
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There is nothing (MEG) 没什么可怕的。
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There is a lot (CGEL) 有许多事要做。
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There was no light to be seen anywhere, and only a few dim stars were shining overhead. (Calduell) 任何地方都看不见什么光,只有几点暗淡的星光在头上闪耀。(钱歌川译文)
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The Biscuit walked to the window, and looked out. There was nothing to see, but he remained there, looking, for some considerable time. (Wodehouse, Big Money) 饼干走到窗前,向外望去。什么也看不见,但他仍呆在那儿,望了相当长的时间。(同上)
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He is the man (CGEL) 他是待挑选的人。
但是应当指出,在某些有限的情况下,在存在句型中使用动词的不定式的主动形式与使用动词不定式的被动式作后置修饰语在语义上是有些区别的。
(A) There is nothing to do. 没有事情可干。
(B) There is nothing to be done about it. (MEG) 对于此事毫无办法。
在句(A)中 to do 表示义务(duty),而在句(B)中 to be done 则表示可能性(possibility)。(参见 let)
请做下面的英语试题:
- She will tell us why she feels so strongly that each of us has a role ____ in making the earth a better place to live.
A. to have played B. to play C. to be played D. to be playing(上海高考,03春-38)
- Having a trip abroad is certainly good for the old couple, but it remains ____ whether they will enjoy it. A. to see B. to be seen C. seeing D. seen(全国高考,02-32)