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词典词条 · 问答

subject... to/be subject to

核心问题 1

According to the regulations that have been published lately, all radio recorders are subject on import duty. (全国研考) 请分析上面的试题。

词典解答 1

首先应当记住,形容词 subject 用作表语时,不能单独使用,必须与介词 to 连用,因此,应当把(be)subject to(受……支配,受……约束,易受……的)当作一个单位来记忆。例如:

  1. We are all subject to the laws of nature. (COD) 我们大家都受自然规律的支配。

  2. The employees are subject to the rules and regulations of the company. (MD) 雇员要服从

公司的规章制度。

  1. Such conduct is subject to criticism. 这种行为容易遭到批评。

及物动词 subject 也与介词 to 连用。subject...to = 使……受到；使……服从：

  1. He subjected us to a very difficult test. (ELD) 他让我们经受了很困难的考验。

  2. He was subjected to severe criticism. (Chambers) 他遭到了严厉的批评。

  3. He was subjected to the harshest possible punishment. (EED) 他受到了可能是最严厉的惩罚。

练习题

请做下面的英语试题：

  1. A student must see that knowledge is subject of growth and change and that it is likely to shift in meaning and status with time. (EPT)

  2. Scientists ____ spacemen ____ all kinds of tests before they send them in rockets.

A. subject; to B. submit; to C. provide; for D. hand; over

subject-verb concord 1^{1} (主谓语一致) 见 agreement

subject-verb concord 2^{2} (主谓一致)

subject-verb concord — with subject expressed by word group denoting an indefinite number or amount(表示不定数量的短语作主语时主谓语的一致) 见 a lot of, lots of, half, a number of, a part of, plenty of, a propotion of, majority, a variety of, a set of, a series of, a group of, a wide range of

subject-verb concord—with collective noun as subject(集体名词作主语时的主谓语的一致) 见 audience, committee, crew

subject-verb concord—with coordinated subject(并列主语的主谓语一致) 见 as, well as 6^{6} , not only.. but also, either... or, neither, neither... nor, none of them is/are, together, with, tea, and 10,18^{10,18}

subject-verb concord —with numeral as subject(数词作主语时主谓语的一致)

见 two and two is/are, two thirds, percent, miles, dollars, minutes

subject-verb concord—with substantivized adjective as subject(名词化形容词作主语时主谓语的一致)

核心问题 2

（A）The innocent are often deceived by the unscrupulous. (GCE)

天真的人时常被坏人欺骗。

(B) The unknown is always something to be feared. (LEG)

未知的东西总是一种令人害怕的东西。

在句(A)和句(B)中都是用名词化形容词作主语,为什么一个使用动词复数,而另一个使用动词单数?

词典解答 2

名词化的形容词可以分三种情况来讨论：

A. the + 形容词表示某一类人的整体，如 the young(年轻人)，the old(老年人)，the poor(穷人)，the rich(富人)，the blind(盲人)，the dead(死者)。在这种情况下，名词化的形容词作主语时，谓语动词要用复数。例如：

  1. The old are apt to catch cold. (EG) 老年人容易感冒。

  2. The wise look to the wiser for advice. (GCE) 聪明人期望更聪明的人给他忠告。

B. the + 形容词表示某个具体的人, 而不是表示某一类人的整体。在这种情况下名词化形容词作主语时, 谓语动词要用单数:

The deceased is my uncle. 死者是我的叔父。

C. the + 形容词表示抽象的概念或某种笼统的东西。在这种情况下，名词化形容词作主语时，谓语动词要用单数，你提出的句（B）便是一个很好的例子。

  1. The beautiful lives forever. 美是永存的。

subject-verb inversion

  1. The best is yet to come. (CGEL) 最好的事情是会到来的。

  2. Some people enjoy the mystical and the supernatural in literature. (CGEL) 某些人欣赏文学中神秘的和超自然的东西。

subject-verb inversion after adverbials of place(地点状语后的主谓倒装) 见 adverbial fronting

subject-verb inversion after negative adverbs(否定副词后的主谓倒装) 见 Never did we, little does he

subjectless sentences(无主句) ∗^{*}

核心问题 3

请谈一谈英、汉语的无主句问题。

词典解答 3

汉语有一个很明显的特点，就是大量使用无主句。无主句可以分为两类。第一类说明自然现象、时间、季节、天气、距离等。例如：“下雨了”“出太阳了”“起风了”等等。第二类表示泛指。例如：“种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆”，“二十多年前，在周口店发现了‘北京人’”等等。大家知道，英语并无这种类型的无主句。因此，恰当地运用这类句型，来翻译英语的主谓句，是一个很重要的翻译技巧。

  1. The resistance can be determined provided that the voltage and current are known. 只要知道电压和电流,就能确定电阻。

  2. Radar can be used for weather forecast. 可以用雷达来预报天气。

  3. But how can individual electrons be made to break away from atoms? And how can these free electrons be made to move along a wire? 可是,如何能使一些单个的电子摆脱原子的束缚而跑出来呢?又怎样能使这些自由电子沿导线运动呢?

  4. The careful reconstruction of the last years has unearthed many historic treasures. 在近几年所进行的细致的重建过程中发现了许多历史文物。

下面各例的译文，如能采用无主句，可能收到较好的表达效果。

(1) The use of the satellite makes it possible to observe the universe much better.

[原译]使用卫星,使得更好地观察成为可能。(译巧)

[试译]利用卫星,能够更好地观察宇宙。

(2) Algeria was not specifically mentioned but as it was the only scrap of foreign territory of any size possessed by France at that moment, there was no doubt as to the meaning of the phrase ‘outside France’. (New Concept English, Book 4, p. 176)

[原译]阿尔及利亚并没有被明确提及,但是因为它是法国当时拥有的唯一的一块面积尚称可观的海外领地,所以“在法国海外”这一句话的含义是不容置疑的。(中译本)

[试译]虽然法令中没有特别提到阿尔及利亚……所以“法国本土以外”这个词语所指的意思是相当清楚的。

(3) Most of the inhabitants were asked to take part in the exercise during which they had to pretend that their city had been bombed. (New Concept English, Book 3, p. 24)

[原译]大多数居民被要求去参加演习，在演习中必须假装他们的城市已经遭到轰炸。（中译本）

[试译]要求大多数居民都参加这次演习，在演习中假设他们的城市遭到了轰炸。

(4) Many strange new means of transport have been developed in our century, the strangest of them being perhaps the hovercraft. (New Concept English, Book 4, p. 117)

[原译]在本世纪，许多新的稀奇的交通工具已被研制出来。其中，最稀奇的也许是气垫船。

[试译]在本世纪内,发明了许多新奇的交通工具……

(5) The design of the wings is therefore very important, and various factors have to be considered. (The Structure of Technical English, p. 96)

[原译]机翼的设计非常重要，而各种因素又必须予以考虑。（中译本）

various factors 是带有零冠词的名词短语,它包含未知信息,具有较大的信息量。如果采

用无主句，就可以使它充当宾语，而占据句末这一重要的位置。

[试译]因此，机翼的设计是非常重要的，设计时必须考虑到各种各样的因素。

subjunctive mood 1^{1} (虚拟语气) 见 if 11^{11} , It's time, lest, suggest, require, essential, wish, if only, whether

来源：英语常见问题解答大词典-8.md · 第 3678—3817 行 · 原文哈希 e2f9eb6f34…