问英语｜英语常见问题解答

核心问题 1

在 the facts as observed(所观察到的事实)结构中 as 的作用和意义是什么?

词典解答 1

关系代词 as + 过去分词结构放在名词或名词短语之后,用作定语的情形是很常见的,尤其是在科技英语和一般的论说文中。

See the answers as given at the end of this book.

请参阅本书末尾给出的答案。

as observed (as given) 这种结构的完整形式是 as they are observed (as they are given) 或者 as are observed (as are given)。这个结构与用作定语的纯过去分词或过去分词短语虽然在语义上有些区别，但译成汉语时却无法表达出来。例如：

the books as listed below （如）下面所列出的书籍
Experts in kinetics, in their study of body motion as related to speech, hope to discover new methods of communication. (RC) 人体语言专家在研究与语言有关的身体活动时,希望发现新的交际方法。

练习题

请做下面的英语试题：

I hope all the precautions against air pollution, ____ suggested by the local government, will be seriously considered here.

A. as B. while C. after D. since(全国四级,99.6-53)

$\$ (例如)

核心问题 2

请说明 various trees, as oak or pine 中 as 的词义和词性。

词典解答 2

这里的 as = for instance, for example. 至于词性, 各家说法不一。WNCD 说它是副词, OED 说它是连词, COD 说它是关系副词。最好建议学生不要去抠 as 的词性, 而要掌握它的含义和用法(参见 like)。

Some animals, as dogs and cats, eat meat. 有些动物,例如狗和猫,是食肉动物。
Sound waves can travel only through a medium, as air or water. (列举 a medium 的部分内容) 声波只有通过介质, 如空气或水, 才能传播。

as $^{6}$ (引导非限制性定语从句)

核心问题 3

Spiders are not insects, as many people think, nor even nearly related to them. (New Concept English, Book 4, p.8)

[原译] 蜘蛛不是昆虫, 尽管许多人都这样认为, 它甚至与昆虫几乎没有联系。(上外教版, p.1)

关系代词 as 是代表 spiders are not insects, 还是代表 spiders are insects?

词典解答 3

绝大部分英语语法著作都比较详尽地谈到了 as 用作关系代词引出非限制性定语从句的问题,在这种非限制性定语从句中,as 一般不代表某个具体的名词或代词,而是代表整个主句或主句的一部分。这种从句可以放在主句之前,也可以放在主句之后,甚至可以放在主句的中间。例如:

As has been said above, a magnet produces a magnetic field in the space around itself. 如上所说，磁铁在其周围的空间会产生磁场。
In electrical usage the term potential, as will be pointed out later, has a definite quantitative meaning. 在电学上，正如以后将要指出的那样，电位这个术语具有确定的数量意义。

但是，几乎所有的语法著作都只是谈到了主句为肯定句的情形，而很少涉及主句为否定句的情形。所以，许多学生乃至许多翻译工作者对主句为否定句时 as 定语从句的特点不甚了解。例如，在课堂上许多学生不能确切回答上句中 as many people think 里的 as 所代表的内容究竟是 spiders are not insects，还是 spiders are insects。

下面让我们简略地讲一讲主句为否定句时 as 引导的定语从句的修饰范围问题。

A. 当 as 引导的定语从句位于具有否定意义的主句之前时, as 从句所修饰的范围是整个主句的内容, 也就是说, 把否定意义也包括在内。例如:

As has been said above, grammar is not a set of dead rules. 正如前面所说的，语法不是一套死条文。

B. 当 as 引导的定语从句位于具有否定意义的主句之后时, as 从句所修饰的范围不包括否定意义。Spiders are not insects, as many people think. = Spiders are not insects. But many people think they are. 类例:

Greenland was not a continent, as people thought. 格陵兰并不像人们所想象的那样是一个大陆。

C. 当 as 引导的定语从句位于具有否定意义的主句中间时, as 从句所修饰的范围也不包括否定意义。例如:

The facts of science are not, as some think, dry and lifeless. They are living things, filling with sweetest poetry the ear that listens to them, and with fadeless harmony of colours the eye that looks upon them. 科学事实并不像有些人所想的那样枯燥无味和没有生命力。科学事实是活生生的东西。倾听它们，耳中就会充满最美的诗篇，眺望它们，眼中就会充满永不消褪的和谐色彩。
She did not, as her friend had feared, open the case. 她没有打开盒子，而她的朋友就是怕她当面打开盒子。